Rickettsias

Rickesias

Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Alpha Proteobacteria
Order:
Rickettsiales
Family:
Rickettsiaceae
Genus:
Rickettsia
Species
Rickettsia felis , Rickettsia prowazekii , Rickettsia rickettsii , Rickettsia typhi Rickettsia conorii , Rickettsia africae




General Features:
· The rickettsia are bacteria which are obligate intracellular parasites.
· . They are considered a separate group of bacteria Because they have the common feature of being spread by arthropod vectors (lice, fleas, mites and ticks). that may transmit the organism to mammalian hosts.
· The cells are extremely small (0.25 u in diameter) rod-shaped, coccoid and often pleomorphic microorganisms which have typical bacterial cell walls.
· No flagella (except for Rickettsia prowazekii), gram-negative and multiply by binary fission only inside host cells, Coxiella replicate only in the phagolysosome.
· They occur singly, in pairs, or in strands.
· Most species are found only in the cytoplasm of host cells, but those which cause spotted fevers multiply in nuclei as well as in cytoplasm.
· In the laboratory, they may be cultivated in living tissues such as embryonated chicken eggs or vertebrate cell cultures.
· The rickettsiae have very small genomes of about 1.0-1.5 million bases.

· The family Rickettsiaceae is taxonomically divided into three genera:
1. Rickettsia (11 species):
obligate intracellular parasites which do not multiply in vacuoles and do not parasitize white blood cells.

2. Ehrlichia (2 species):
Obligate intracellular parasites which do not multiply in vacuoles but do parasitize white blood cells.
3. Coxiella (1 species):
Obligate intracellular parasite which grows preferentially in vacuoles of host cells.
4. Baartonella (3 species):
Intracellular parasite which attacks the red blood cells.


Structure:
· The structure of the typical rickettsia is very similar to that of Gram-negative bacteria.
· The typical envelope consists of three major layers:
ü An innermost cytoplasmic membrane.
ü Athin electron dense rigid cell wall and an outer layer.
· The outer layer resembles typical membranes in its chemical composition and its trilaminar appearance.
· The cell wall is chemically similar to that of Gram-negative bacteria in that it contains diamino pimelic acid and lacks teichoic acid.
· There are no discrete nuclear structures.
· The flagellum of R. prowazekii is similar to that of other bacteria.

Metabolism:

In dilute buffered salt solutions:
· isolated rickettsia are unstable, losing metabolic activity & infectivity for animal cells.
· If however, the medium is enriched with potassium, serum albumin and sucrose, the isolated organisms can survive for many hours.
· If ATP is added to the solution, the organisms metabolize and consume oxygen.
· The basis for the obligate parasitism of these cells is that they require the rich cytoplasm to stabilize an unusually permeable cell membrane.
· The rickettsia have many of the metabolic capabilities of bacteria, but require an exogenous supply of cofactors to express these capabilities. The response to exogenous cofactors implies an unusually permeable cytoplasmic membrane.
Growth and Multiplication:
· Rickettsia normally multiply by transverse binary fission.
· Under poor nutritional conditions:
v The rickettsia cease dividing and grow into long filamentous forms, which subsequently undergo rapid and multiple division into the typical short rod forms when fresh nutrient is added.
v Immediately after division, the rickettsia engage in extensive movements through the cytoplasm of the cell.
v Six to ten daughter cells will form in a host cell before the cell ruptures and releases them.
· C. burnetii differs from other rickettsia in that it is enclosed in a persistent vacuole during growth and division.

Pathogenicity:
· In their arthropod vectors, the rickettsia multiply in the epithelium of the intestinal tract so they are excreted in the feces, but occasionally gain access to the arthropods salivary glands.
· They are transmitted to man by the arthropod saliva, through a bite.
· In their mammalian host, they are found principally in the endothelium of the small blood vessels, particularly in those of the brain, skin and heart.
· Hyperplasia of endothelial cells and localized thrombus (تجلط دموى) formation lead to obstruction انسداد او اعاقه of blood flow, with escape of RBC's into the surrounding tissue.
· Inflammatory cells خلايا ملتهبه also accumulate about affected segments of blood vessels. This angiitis _التهاب وعائى _appears to account for some of the more prominent clinical manifestations مظاهر
· Death is ascribed to damage of endothelial cells, resulting in leakage of plasma, decrease in blood volume, and shock.
· It is assumed that the observed clinical manifestations of a rickettsial infection are due to production of an endotoxin, this endotoxin is quite different in physiological effects from that produced by members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
·

This is inferred, although the toxin has not been isolated, from these facts:
1. IV-injected rickettsia cause rapid death in experimental animals.
2. UV-irradiation of rickettsia diminished their infectivity without reducing toxicity.
3. The use of anti-rickettsial drugs does not prevent rapid death in experimental animals.
4. Antiserum specific for cell wall antigens of the rickettsia prevents the toxic effect.


Laboratory Diagnosis:
· Presumptive laboratory diagnosis is based on the finding of rickettsial-like organisms in tissue or blood.
· Although the organisms are gram-negative, they only weakly take the counter stain; so special staining procedures are used.

Infected tissue may be stained with:
ü Macchiavello stain:
organisms are bright red against the blue background of the tissue.
ü Castaneda stain:
blue organisms against a red background.
ü Giemsa stain:
bluish purple organisms.
· Confirmative diagnosis is based on a serological reaction (Weil-Felix reaction) in which the titer of the agglutinins in the patient's serum against the Proteus strains OX-19, OX-2 and OX-K are determined.
· These Proteus strains have no etiological role in rickettsial infections, but appear to share antigens in common with certain rickettsia.
· These antigens are alkali stable polysaccharide haptens which are distinct from the group-specific and type-specific antigens.
· In interpreting the results, it must be kept in mind that Proteus infections are fairly common (especially in the urinary tract) and that they, may evoke antibodies to the Proteus-OX strains.
· This test is usually positive seven days after the initial infection.
· A more specific complement fixation test is available but does not show positive results until 14 days into the infection.
· The indirect fluorescent antibody test is also useful for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against rickettsia. In fact, this is the diagnostic test of choice for ehrlichiosis.

Diseases:
The rickettsial diseases of man are usually broken down according to the arthropod vector as seen in table below.





Disease
Causal agent
Animal reservoir
Weil-Felix response
1. Louse-borne



European epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
-------------------------------------------
OX-19
Brill's disease
Rickettsia prowazekii
-------------------------------------------
Negative
Trench fever
Bartonella quintana
-------------------------------------------
Negative
2. Flea-borne



Endemic murine typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Wild rodents
OX-19
Cat scratch fever/Bacilliary angiomatosis
Bartonella henselae
Domestic cat
Unknown
3. Mite-borne



Scrub typhus
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Wild rodents
OX-K
Rickettsialpox
Rickettsia akari
House mice
Negative
4. Tick-borne



Rocky Mountain Spottedfever
Rickettsia rickettsii
Dog, rodents
OX-19, OX-2
North Asian tick typhus
Rickettsia siberica
Wild rodents
OX-19, OX-2
Fievre boutonneuse
Rickettsia conorii
Dog, rodents
OX-19, OX-2
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia australis
Marsupials, rodents
OX-19, OX-2
Q-fever
Coxiella burnetii
Cattle, sheep, goats
Negative
Spotted fever
Rickettsia rhipicephali
Dogs
Unknown
Ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia canis
Dogs
Negative
Ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Dogs
Negative
5. Fly-borne



Oroyo fever/Verruga peruana
Bartonella bacilliformis

Unknown
Chemotherapy:
The drugs of choice for the treatment of rickettsial diseases are chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Each of these is highly toxic, especially in children, and must be used with care. The sulfonamides stimulate rickettsial growth and thus are contraindicated in the treatment of these diseases.

Taxonomy:
· The genus Rickettsia is included in the bacterial tribe Rickettsieae, family Rickettsiaceae, and order Rickettsiales.
· This genus includes many other species of bacteria associated with human disease, including those in the spotted fever group and the typhus group
:



Spotted Fever Group (SFG):
• Rickettsia rickettsii is the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
• Rickettsia rickettsii is found in the Americas and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks.
• Other spotted fever group rickettsiae include:
R. akari (rickettsial pox), R. japonica (Japanese
spotted fever), R. sibirica (North Asian tick typhus), tick bite fever), R. helvetica (perimyocarditis), R. australis
(Queensland tick typhus) and R. honei (Flinders Island spotted fever).
• The spotted fever rickettsiae have been found on every continent except Antarctica.
Typhus Group (TG):
• Rickettsia prowazekii is the cause of epidemic or louse-borne typhus
• R. prowazekii infects human vascular endothelial cells, producing widespread vasculitis.
• Infection usually is transmitted from person to person by the body louse and, therefore, tends to manifest under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene.
• Other rickettsiae in the typhus group include R. typhi and R. felis.
• Murine typhus is caused by transmission of R. typhi from rats, cats and opossums to humans via a flea vector.
• Murine typhus is found worldwide and is endemic to areas of Texas and southern California in the United States.
Scrub Typhus Group (STG) :
• R. tsutsugamushi is the cause of scrub typhus.
• Originally called Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, this organism was given its own genus designation because it is phylogenetically distinct from the other rickettsiae, though closely related. Orientia tsutsugamushi is transmitted to humans by the bite of trombiculid mites (chiggers), which are the vector and host.
• Scrub typhus occurs throughout much of Asia and Australia.

Summary
1. The rickettsia are extremely small gram-negative rod-shaped, coccoid or pleomorphic bacteria with limited metabolic capabilities.
2. The Family Rickettsiaceae contains three genera: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Coxiella.
3. All of the members of the Family Rickettsiaceae are obligate intracellular parasites due to a highly permeable cytoplasmic membrane.
4. Confirmative diagnosis of rickettsial diseases is accomplished via the Weil-Felix test, a complement fixation test and/or an indirect fluorescent antibody test.
5. The drugs of choice for the treatment of rickettsial diseases are chloramphenicol and tetracycline.
6. Louse-borne rickettsial diseases include European epidemic typhus, and Brill's disease. Man is the sole reservoir for louse-borne diseases.
7. The only flea-borne rickettsial disease is endemic murine typhus.
8. Mite-borne rickettsial diseases include scrub typhus and rickettsialpox.
9. Tick-borne rickettsial diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, North Asian tick typhus, Fievre boutonneuse.10. The major target tissue of the rickettsia is vascular endothelium.

Best wishes
Prof. Dr. F. A. Mansour

The Mycoplasma

The Mycoplasma

General Characteristics

· The mycoplasmas are essentially bacteria lacking a rigid cell wall during their entire life cycle, although they are also much smaller than bacteria.
· The first organism of this type was associated with pleuropneumonia of cattle, and was originally called the pleuropneumonia organism (PPO).
· Since that time, a number of organisms with similar morphological characteristics and cultural properties have been isolated. These are commonly referred to as pleuropneumonia-like organisms or PPLO.
· A certain group of mycoplasmas produce extremely tiny colonies on agar plates, and are called the T-strains.
· Some bacteria readily give rise spontaneously to variants that can replicate in the form of small filterable protoplasmic elements with defective or absent cell walls. These organisms, called L-forms, can also be formed by many species when cell wall synthesis is impaired by antibiotic treatment or high salt concentration.
· These organisms differ from mycoplasma in that they contain a rigid cell wall, at least at one stage of their life cycle and contain no sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane.
· These organisms are the smallest known free-living organisms.
· Because of the absence of cell walls, they do not stain with the Gram stain, and they are more pleomorphic and plastic than eubacteria.
· With Giemsa stain, they appear as tiny pleomorphic cocci, short rods, short spirals, and sometimes as hollow ring forms.
· Their diameter ranges from 0.15 u to 0.30 u.
· Most mycoplasmas require a rich medium containing a sterol and serum proteins for growth. Despite the lack of a cell wall, they do not require a medium of very high osmotic pressure.
· On solid media, they form minute, transparent colonies.
· When viewed under low-power magnification, the colony looks like a fried egg.
· The different strains vary in their growth rate and may take from two days to several weeks to form a colony.
Structure:
· The cell is enclosed by a limiting membrane which is more similar to that of animal cells than that of bacterial cells because of sterols present in the membrane.
· The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, but lacks mesosomes.
· There is no nuclear membrane.
· In some strains, amorphous material on the outer surface of the membrane suggests the existence of a capsule.
Metabolism :
· The parasitic mycoplasmas have truncated respiratory systems, lacking quinones and cytochromes.
· Another indication for the simplicity of the electron transport chain is the finding that the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity is cytoplasmic.
· Complex electron transport chains are usually membrane bound, since they depend on the spatial organization of their components.
· Ruling out oxidative phosphorylation as an ATP-generating system leaves only two proven ways of ATP generation, both based on substrate level phosphorylation. The major source for ATP is the arginine dihydrolase pathway.

arginine deaminaseArginine + H2O --------------------------------> citrulline + NH3 ornithine carbamoyltransferaseCitrulline+inorganic orthophosphate------>ornithine+carbamoylPO
Carbamate kinaseCarbamoyl PO4 + ADP --------------------------> ATP + CO2 + NH3
Another mechanism for ATP generation is:
Phosphate acetyltransferaseAcetyl CoA + inorganic orthophosphate -----------------> acetyl PO4 + CoA
Acetate kinaseAcetyl PO4+ ADP ------------------------------------> Acetate + ATP

Multiplication:
· In the absence of a rigid cell wall, the pattern of replication is quite different from that of typical bacteria, whose division starts with the formation of a well-defined septum.
· Though the mechanism of division in mycoplasmas is controversial, sequential microscopic observation suggests that new elementary particles arise by fragmentation of filamentous cells containing several discrete DNA components.



Pathogenesis:
· M. pneumoniae is an extracellular pathogen that adheres to the respiratory epithelium by a specialized terminal protein attachment factor.
· This adherence protein interacts specifically with neuraminic acid residues on the epithelial cell surface.
· Ciliastasis occurs following attachment and then destruction of the superficial layer of epithelial cells. Destruction is due to release of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion.

Diseases:
The human diseases caused by mycoplasmas are shown in the table below.
Disease or symptom
Agent
Host
Primary atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Man
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Mycoplasma genitalium
Man
NGU
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Man
Stillbirth
Mycoplasma hominis
Man
Spontaneous abortion
Mycoplasma hominis
Man
Infertility
Mycoplasma hominis
Man

Laboratory Diagnosis :
The laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasma infection can be accomplished by:
1. Culturing the organism from sputum, mucous membrane swabbings or other specimens by direct inoculation into liquid or solid media containing serum, yeast extract and penicillin to inhibit contaminating bacteria. Colonies will become detectable in one to three weeks. They stain intensely with neutral red or tetrazolium or methylene blue. The organism can be presumptively identified by its hemabsorption or B-hemolysis of guinea pig red blood cells. It is conclusively identified by staining its colonies with homologous fluorescein-labelled antibody.
2. Quantitation of the patient antibody response to mycoplasma by complement fixation tests on acute and convalescent serum. Cold agglutinins to human O erythrocytes may also be

measuredChemotherapy:
Primary atypical pneumonia is usually selflimiting and does not require antibiotic treatment. However, if antibiotics are needed, the drug of choice is one of the macrolide antibiotics:
Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin
Urogenital diseases may be treated with:
Metronidazole (except during the first trimester of pregnancy) Clindamycin

1. The mycoplasma is extremely small free-living bacteria which lack a cell wall and cytochromes.
2. Mycoplasma can be cultured on agar media but colonies take up to three weeks to develop.
3. Serological identification of mycoplasma disease relies upon the quantitation of cold agglutinins to human O erythrocytes or a complement fixation test or serum inhibition of mycoplasma growth.
4. Human diseases of mycoplasma etiology are primary atypical pneumonia, non-gonococcal urethritis, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion and infertility.

Best wishes
Prof. Dr. Fathi Awwad Mansour

Chlamydia

Organism:
Genus: Chlamydia
Species: trachomatis, psittaci

General Characteristics of Chlamydia :
The chlamydia, which are incorrectly called the PLT viruses or Bedsonia or basophilic viruses, are bacteria which are obligate intracellular parasites of higher animals (mammals and birds).
The members of this group share a unique development cycle, a common morphology and a common family antigen.
They are not transmitted by arthropods.
These organisms are termed basophilic because they take up the Giemsa stain (i.e., they stain blue).
They are gram-negative, non-motile and multiply in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
These organisms generally parasitize epithelial cells.
The methods used to study them are, in the main, those of the virologist rather than the bacteriologist.
Furthermore, the clinical features, pathogenesis, pathology and epidemiology of chlamydial infections are similar to those of viral infections.
Distinctive properties:
The Chlamydia have an unusual developmental cycle that involves two distinct forms: infectious elementary bodies & intracellular reticulate bodies
Elementary bodies attach and are internalized by susceptible host cells. Once inside, they reorganize into a replicative form (the reticulate body).
Over a 24 hour period, these reticulate bodies divide and begin to reorganize back into elementary bodies.
About 48-72 hours after infection, the cell is lysed and numerous infectious elementary bodies are released.
The genome of Chlamydia is only 25% the size of E. coli, making it one of the smallest prokaryotes.
The pathogenic mechanisms employed by Chlamydia are not well understood.
Taxonomy of Chlamydia :
The chlamydia fall into two main ecological groups:
Group A: are the agents causing trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum, which seem to infect man only.
Group B: are those agents transmitted to man as zoonotic infections (mainly birds)
About 100 species of birds are naturally infected with chlamydia. This includes 71 species of parrots as well as finches, pigeons, chickens, ducks, turkeys and seabirds.

Morphology and Structure:
· The chlamydial cell is roughly spherical and measures between 0.3 and 1.0 u in diameter, according to the stage of development.

· Both the small and the large cell types contain complete cell walls which are similar to the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
· Under the cell wall lies a separate cytoplasmic membrane made up of large amounts of lipid. .The DNA occurs as an irregular mass in the cytoplasm.
· There is no nuclear membrane.
· Ribosomes can be seen throughout the cytoplasm.
· The cells contain no capsule or flagella.
Metabolism :
· There are no detectable flavoproteins or cytochromes.
· It appears that the basis of the obligate intracellular parasitism is due to a lack of ATP-generating ability and the need to obtain ATP from the host cell.
· The cells can synthesize DNA, RNA and protein.
Growth and multiplication :
Chlamydia passes through a series of developmental forms while multiplying by binary fission.
This is termed the "developmental cycle." Two morphologically different developmental forms with a continuous gradation of intermediates between them can be recognized.
One is a small cell about 0.3 u in diameter, with an electron-dense nucleoid.
The other is a large cell, 0.5 to 1.0 u in diameter without a dense center.
There appears to be no significant difference in morphology or developmental cycle among the various chlamydia, and a single generalized description applies to all.
The development cycle may be regarded as an orderly alternation of the small and large cell type.
It is initiated by the highly infectious small cell which is taken into the host cell by phagocytosis.
The engulfed small cell retains its morphological integrity in vacuoles bound by membrane derived from the surface of the host cell, and there is no eclipse (period in which the parasite loses the infectious ability).
Without loss of individuality, the small cell is reorganized into a large cell which is the vegetative multiplying form of these organisms.
Then, still in the membrane-bound vacuole, the large cell grows in size and multiplies by repeated binary fission.
The developmental cycle is completed by the reorganization of most of the large cells into small ones which are then available for infection of new host cells.
The time required for completion of a cycle varies from 24-48 hours, depending on the particular host/parasite system involved.
ELEMENTARY BODY (EB) .
RETICULATE BODY (RB) .
Cell size 0.3 um in diameter.
Size 0.5 - 1.0 um in diameter.
RNA : DNA content = 1.1
RNA : DNA content = 3.1

Infectious
Not infectious
Adapted for extracellular survival
Adapted for intracellular growth
Hemagglutinin present
Hemagglutinin absent
Induces endocytosis
Does not induce endocytosis
Metabolically inactive
Metabolically active
Characteristics of the elementary and reticulate bodies of Chlamydia can be found in the table below.

Pathogenicity :
Sub group A organisms, primarily infect the mucous membranes of the eye or the genitourinary tract of humans.
Sub group B organisms, although primarily parasites of birds can be transmitted to man where they cause a lung infection.
The mechanism by which chlamydia cause disease or injure cells is unknown.
Chlamydial infections of mucous membranes cause damage to tissues deep in the epithelial layer; for example, in trachoma, scarring of the tarsal plate occurs frequently.
There is some evidence that a toxin is produced.
Epidemiology:
Trachoma is prevalent in Africa and Asia, generally in hot and dry areas.
The organisms are very persistent. Their habitat is similar to that of Neisseria and Haemophilus.
Infection can occur via swimming in unchlorinated pools, sharing towels or by passage through the birth canal.

Laboratory Diagnosis :
Laboratory diagnosis is made by one or more of the following:
1. Isolation of the organism from infected tissue:
The tissue is inoculated into the yolk sac of seven-day chick embryos or in McCoy human cells.
2. Characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies infected cells.
3. Serological diagnosis:

a. Microimmunofluorescent tests in tears of patients with eye infections for the presence of anti-chlamydia antibody. In neonatal conjunctivitis and early trachoma, direct immunofluorescence of conjunctive cells with fluorescein - conjugated monoclonal antibody is sensitive and specific.
b. Delayed-type skin reaction (type IV hypersensitivity) to killed organisms in genitourinary infections (Frei test).
c. Rising titer of antibody against the chlamydial family antigen in lung infecitons. This accomplished with the complement fixation test or the fluorescent antibody test.


Treatment :
Chlamydia exhibit low pathogenicity except in a compromised host. The chlamydial diseases are relatively easy to treat, but present two problems.
1. Latency of infection:infections may remain latent or sub-clinical for years.
2. Susceptibility of compromised host to reinfection:
the compromised host usually remains compromised because of genetic and/or environmental factors and becomes reinfected.
3. Minimal symptomology :
Chlamydia trachomatis - doxycycline or azithromycinChlamydia pneumonia - doxycycline or azithromycin or erythromycinChlamydia psittaci - doxycycline or erythromycin

Diseases:
The chlamydial diseases include: Chlamydia has on its surface, a peptide that resembles one in heart myosin.
The peptide, when displayed by antigen-presenting cells, can trigger T-cells that attack both Chlamydia and heart cells, thus causing heart muscle inflammation (myocarditis).
This autoimmune reaction also plays a role in the formation of the artery-clogging plaques of atherosclerosis.
Chlamydia induce interferon and are sensitive to it.

Subgroup A Diseases (Persn to person transmition ) :

Trachoma :
Causual agent : Chlamydia trachomitis
host : Man
Subgroup A (person-to-person transmition)
Inclusion conjunctivitis :

Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomitis
Host : Fowl, Man
Urethritis :
Host :Man

Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
Cervicitis :
Causative agent :Chlamydia trachomatis
Host :Man
Ophthalmia neonatorum :
Causativ agent :Chlamydia trachomatis
Host :Man
Myocarditis :
Causative agent :Chlamydia trachomatis
Host : Man
Lymphogranuloma venereum :
Causative agent : Chlamydia trachomatis
Host : Man
Atherosclerosis :
Causative agent : Chlamydia trachomatis
Host :Man
Neonatal Pneumonia :
Causative agent :Chlamydia trachomatis
Host : Man

Subgroup B (mostly bird-to-human (transmition) :
Bronchitis/pneumonia/sinusitis :
Causative agent : Chlamydia pneumoniae
Host : Man
Atherosclerosis :
Causative agent : Chlamydia pneumoniae
Host : Man
Meningopneumonitis :
Causative agent : Chlamydia psittaci
Birds --> Man
Hepatic and renal dysfunction :
Chlamydia psittaci
Birds --> Man
Conjunctivitis :
Chlamydia psittaci
Birds --> Man
Abortion :
Chlamydia psittaci
Birds --> Man
Endocarditis :
Chlamydia psittaci
Birds --> Man
During infection, antibodies are synthesized but recovery is not generally protective.

CONTROL:
Sanitary: Good hygiene, treatment of sexual partners and the quarantine of birds all reduce the incidence.
Immunological: No vaccine is available or likely since specific antibodies fail to neutralize elementary bodies in vivo.
Chemotherapeutic: Tetracycline or erythromycin are drugs of choice.
Summary :
1. The chlamydia are extremely small, gram-negative, coccal-shaped, obligate intracellular parasites with limited metabolic capability which are classified as bacteria.
2. The chlamydia lack flavoproteins and cytochromes.
3. Chlamydia undergo a unique developmental cycle which is an alternation in size between the small elementary body and the relatively large reticulate body.
4. The elementary body is relatively metabolically inactive, adapted for extracellular survival and is the infectious unit.
5. The reticulate body is metabolically active, adapted for intracellular growth and is not infectious.
6. The major target tissue of the chlamydia is mucous membranes.
7. Serological diagnosis of chlamydial diseases is via a fluorescent antibody test, complement fixation test or a delayed type hypersensitivity test (Frei test) for lymphogranuloma venereum.

Best wishes
Prof.Dr. Fathi Awwad Mansour

Prof. Fathy Awwad Aly Mansour
Professor of bacteriology and Applied Microbiology, Botany Department
Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Name : Fathy Awwad Aly Mansour

Nationalty : Egyptian

Date of Birth : 25 th July, l942

Marital Status: Married

Place of Birth : El-Geza, Egypt.

Personal Data

· Scientific Qualifications

· B.Sc. in Chemistry and Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University (l965)

· M.Sc. (Microbiology), Faculty of Science, Cairo University (1972)

· Ph.D. (Microbiology), Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (1977)

· Academic Appointments

· Assistant Lecturer in Microbiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (From 20/5/ l 974 to 30/7/1977)

· Lecturer in Microbiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (From 31/7/1977 to 6/9/1981)

· Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (From 7/9/1981 to 1/12/1985).

· Professor of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University (From 2/12/1985 to present).

· Head of Botany Department, Faculty of Sciece Mansoura University (From 16/91991 to 15/9/ 1997,

· Chairman of the Unit of Microbiological Analyses, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (From 9/5/1990 to 15/10/2005).

· Scientific Activities

A. Post-Doctoral Fellowship:
· I worked as a research-fellow in the Laboratory of Microbiology at the Department of Botany, University of Liverpool, England, in collaboration with Prof. Dr. S.T. Williams and Prof. Dr. M. Goodfellow (From 24/9/l98l to 13/9/1982). The main object of the work was aiming at the isolation of bacteriophage, studying their host-range specificity and the possibility of their implication in the
identification of bacteria
.
B. School of Microbiology
It is my great honor to be the man who initiated the researches in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology, taxonomy and physiology of bacteria in the Faculty of Science, Mansoura University. Under my supervision, many research students (in the Faculties of Science at Mansoura, Damietta, Benha, and Zagazig) got M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in the different areas of microbiology.
C. Academic activities
Supervisor of Microbiology Unit, Fac. Sci. Mansoura Univ. From 18/ 9/ 2005 to present.

Chairman of training program on Microbilogical Analysis held in Fac. Sci. Mansoura Univ. from 20 – 24/ 11/ 2005.
Chairman of training program on Applied Microbiology held in Fac. Sci. Mansoura Univ. From 26 – 28/ 2/ 2006.

· Conferences

I had attended several international, regional and local scientific conferences in e.g. Tunis (1978), Cairo (1979), Florida, U.S.A. (1980), Mansoura (1982, 1983, 1985 -1987& 2008), Ismailia (1985-2005-2006-2007-2008) Cairo( 1995-1997-1999-2001&2003),Tanta (2003-2005-2007-& 2009) . Zagazig ( 1996-1998-2002-2004-2006 &2008 ) . In all of these meetings I presented papers including the results of my studies:( see the list of publications) or acting as a chairman of scientific sessions.

· Prizes
Mansoura University Evaluation Prize in 2005.Address: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura, Egypt. Telephone: 050/352388Telefax 095-20-50-347900 Telex 23768 MANU UN.
· How To Contact
Address
Dept. of Botany , Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Phone

Mobile : +0124459685, 0161887716
Tel.home :+20-50-2242388

Fax
+2-050-2246781
E-mail
fmansour@mans.edu.eg , prof_fathi_awwad@yahoo.com

List of Publications

1. Hussein, A.M.; Younis, M. E. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). Rubrominomycin, a new red antibiotic pigment produced by Streptomyces minoensis. Sixth Congress of Arab Pharmacist Union (Tunis, 27-30 Nov., 1978) pp. 76-88.

2. Hussein, A.M.; Younis, M.E. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). Xanthomoinmycin, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces minoensis. Sixth Congress of Arab Pharmacist Union (Tunis, 27-30 Nov., 1978) pp. 89-102.

3. Hussein, A.M.; Younis, M.E. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). Biosynthetic requirements for xanthominomycin production. Sixth Congress of Arab Pharmacist Union (Tunis, 27-30 Nov., 1978) pp.103-117.

4. El-Dohlob, S.M. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). Soil fungi of-El-Aghwar area of Jordan. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 6: 68-78.

5. Shady M.A. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). A review; ecological and biochemical aspects of microbial life at high temperature. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 3: 153-181.

6. Naguib, M.I.; Mohamed, Z.K. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). Protease activity of Streptomyces antibioticus. Egypt. J. Bot., 21(1): 9-17.

7. Ibrahim, I.; Kamel, M.K. and Mansour, F.A. (1978). The antimicrobial effect relation to the presence of the nitro group. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 3 (1): 134-140.

8. Nagiub, M.I., Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed, Z.K. (1979). Effect of some herbicides on the growth and xanthominomycin production by Streptomyces minoensis. Soc. Applied Microbiology, Egypt (Ann. Meeting): 276-288.

9. Mansour, F. A. (1979). Streptomyces coeruleovinaceus, a new species of streptomyctes produces a new antifungal antibiotic " Vinaceomycin ". Egypt. J. Bot., 22(1), 1-12.

10. Mansour, F. A. and Shady, M. A. (1979). Preliminary observation on the antimicrobial activity of certain novel complexes of some transition metal halides with trimethylglycine. Egypt. J. Bot., 22 (2): 101-109.

11. Abd El-Wahed, A.A., Mansour, F.A. and Soliman, M.I. (1979). The effect of two antibiotic pigments on the anatomy of Vicia faba. Egypt. J. Bot. 22(3): 251-261.

12. Mansour, F.A. and Ibrahim, I.I. (1980). Studies on rhizosphere microflora of arid and salt marshes soil of Egypt. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 10 (1): 78-86.

13. Hussein, A.M.; Ragab, A.M., El-Gammal, A.A.; Mansour, F.A. Sami, E., Helmy, M. and Shehata, N. (1980). Taxonomy of grey-pigmmented Streptomyces spp. isolated from Egyptian soil. Egypt. J. Bot. 23 (1): 9-16.

14. Salama, A.M.; Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed, Z. K. (1980). Studies on blue-pigmented streptomycetes isolated from Egyptian soil. Egypt. J. Bot. 23 (2) 75-88.

15. Mansour, F.A.; Zahran, M.A. and Shady, M. A. (1980). Microbiological control of water-hyacinth in Egypt. Proc. 7 th. Ann. Conf. on Restoration and Creation of Wetlands. Tampa, Florida, USA pp. 195- 208.

16. Mansour, F. A.; Hussein, M.E. and Abd El-Wahab, K.S. (1981). The effect of xanthominomycin, a new antibiotic pigment produced by Streptomyces minoensis on Quaranfil virus and XTC- 2- Cells. Egypt. J. Bot. 24 (1): 21-30.

17. Mansour, F.A.; Abdel El-Wahed, A.A. and Soliman, M.I. (1982). The effect of two antibiotic pigments on the mitotic chromosomes of Vicia faba. Egypt. J. Bot. 25 (1-3): 83-90.

18. Mansour, F.A. and Gabr, M.A. (1982). Effect of xanthominomycin, a new antibiotic pigment produced by Streptomyces minoensis on phosphorus metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus. Proc. Egypt. Bot. Soc. 3 (Mansoura Conf.): 83-102.

19. Gabr, M.A. and Mansour, F.A. (1982). Studies on amylase production by some Streptomyces species from Egyptian soil. Proc. Egypt. Bot. Soc. 3 (Mansoura Conf.): 59-82.

20. Mansour, F.A.; Mostafa, M.A. and Sherif, A.A. (1982). Studies on the pathogenic and rhizospheric Fusarium species associated with tomato plants in Mansoura District. I. Identification of Fusarium species and investigation of their deteriorative potentialities. Egypt. J. Bot. 25 (1): 17-28.

21. Mansour, F.A.; Mostafa, M.A. and Sherif, A.A. (1983). Studies on the pathogenic and rhizospheric Fusarium species associated with tomato plants in Mansoura District. II. Seed germination and vigour responses of tomato plants to inoculations of soil with Fusarium isolates under different manurial treatments. Proc. 1st. Conf. Agric. Bot. Sci. Mansoura. pp. 1-16

22. Mansour, F.A.; Mostafa, M.A. and Sherif, A.A. (1983). Studies on the pathogenic and rhizospheric Fusarium species associated with tomato plants in Mansoura District. III Some aspects of host-parasite relationship. Proc. 1st. Conf. Agric. Bot. Sci. Mansoura. pp. 17-39

23. Masour, F.A and Sherif, A.A. (1983). Studies on the pathogenic and rhizospheric - Fusarium species associated with tomato plants in Mansoura District. IV. Characterization of the wilt-inducing agent produced by Fusarium solani. Proc.1st. Conf. Agric. Bot. Sci. Mansoura, pp. 40-63.

24. Zahran, M.A. and Mansour, F.A. (1983). On the ecology and control of the hydrophytes of the Damietta branch of the River Nile. Proc. Internat. Conf. Env. Haz. Agrochem. pp. 1101-1111.

25. El-Dohlob, S.M.; Mansour, F.A. and El-Fallal, A.A. (1984). High productivity of keratinolytic enzymes by Fusarium rigidusculum. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 11: 111-124.

26. Mansour, F.A.; Shady M.A. and Afify A.H (1984). Microbial dissolution of silicon and aluminium from primary minerals. Egypt. J. Bot. 27 (1-3): 1-11.

27. Mansour, F.A. and Shady, M. A. (1984). Factors influencing the activity and production of nitrate reductase enzyme by local isolate of Streptomyces. Egypt. J. Bot 27 (1-3): 105--117.

28. Mansour, F.A.; El-Esawy, A.A. and El-Sayed, S.A. (1985). Studies on the cellulolytic activities of some streptomycetes isolated from Egyptian soil. Proc. 2nd Conf. Agric. Bot..Sci., Mansoura, pp 119-142.

29. El-Dohlob, .M.; Mansour, F.A. and El-Fallal, A.A. (1985). Keratinophilic soil fungi of Damietta District Egypt. Proc. Egypt. Bot. Soc. (Ismailia Conf.) pp. 488-506

30. El-Dohlob, S.M.; Mansour, F.A. and El-Fallal, A.A. (1985). Succession and relative keratinolytic activity of keratinophilic soil fungi. Mansoura Sci Bull., 12 (1):117-128.

31. Mansour, F.A.; Gabr, M.A.; El-Esawy, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1985). On the blue pigment of some Streptomyces strains isolated from Egyptian soil. Egypt. Proc. Egypt. Bot. Soc. 4 (Ismailia Conf.) pp. 162-186.

32. Mansour, F.A.; Gabr, M.A.; El-Esawy, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S. A. (1985). Studies on granaticin biosynthesis by Streptomyces violaceolatus. Egypt. Bot. Soc. 4 (Ismailia Conf.) pp. 134-161.

33. Mansour, F. A., El-Esawy, A.A. and Basuny, F.M. (1985). Studies on the nature and properties of the pigments produced by Streptomyces coerulatus. Proc. 2nd conf. Agric. Bot Sci. Mansoura, pp. 143-162.

34. Mansour, F.A. and Mashaly, I.A. (1985). Studies on the relationship between the biological activities of Streptomycetes and their occurrence and distribution in Egyptian Soil. Beitrage Biol. Pflanzen, 66: 353-365.

35. Mansour, F.A and Mashaly, I.A. (1986). Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in desert and salt marshes of Egypt. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 11 (1): 275-294.

36. Mansour, F.A. and El-Esawy, A.A. and Basuny, F.M. (1986). On the pigments of Streptommcetes. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 13 (1): 251-274.

37. Gabr, M.A.; Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed G. (1986/ 87). Effect of carbon source on metabolic changes and enzymatic activities of two Streptomyces species. Egypt. J. Bot. 29/30 (1-3): 139-149.

38. Gabr M.A.; Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed G. (1986 /87). Effect of nitrogen source on metabolic changes and enzymatic activities of two Streptomyces species. Egypt. J. Bot. 29/30 (1-33: 151-160.

39. Mansour, F.A.; Abo-Hamed, S.A. and Aldesuquy, H.S. (1987). Comparative effects of sodium salicylat, alar, asulam and kinetin on pigments content of developing wheat leaves. Manssura Sci. Bull. 4 (1): 207-223..

40. Gabr M.A.; Mansour, F.A.; El-Esawy A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1987). Further studies on granaticin biosynthesis by Streptomyces violaceolatus. Bull. Sohag Fac. Sci. Sohag, Egypt. 55 31-42.

41. Abo-Hamed, S.A.; Mansour F.A. and Aldesuquy, H.S. (1987). Yield and yield attributes of wheat as affected by sodium salicylate, alar, kinetin and asulam. Ibid. 267-277.

42. Mansour, F.A. (1988). Studies on the proteolytic enzymes of some actinomycetes. Proc. 2nd Conf. Agric. Bot. Sci. Mansoura, pp 163-193.

43. Abo-Hamed, S.A.; Mansour, F.A. and Aldesuquy, H.S. (1988). Shoot growth and morphological characteristics of wheat as influenced by sodium salicylate, alar, kinetin and asulam. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 11 (2): 203-221.

44. Gabr, M.A.; Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed, G. (1988). Some metabolic changes in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces parvulus with amylase and protease production as affected by nutrient requirements. III. Effect of inorganic phosphorus content. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 22 (2): 273-384.

45. Gabr, M.A.; Mansour, F.A. and Mohamed, G.G. (1988). Some metabolic changes in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces parvulus with amylase and protease production as affected by nutrient requirements IV. Effect of micronutrients. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 23 (2): 549- 62.

46. Mansour, F.A., Abo-Hamed, S.A. and Aldesuquy, H.S. (1988). Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in wheat plant by sodium salicylate, alar, asulam and kinetin. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 15 (1): 335-362.

47. Mansour, F.A.; Abo-Hamed, S.A. and Aldesuquy, H.S. (1988). Effect of sodium salicylate, alar, asullm and kinetin on leaf anatomy of wheat (Triticum aestivum vulgare L.). Mansoura Sci. Bull. 15 1): 363-384.

48. Mansour, F A., Sweha, H., Shaaban-Dessouki, S. A. and Mohamadin, A. H. (1988). Studies on the antiviral activity of some bacterial isolates belonging to streptomycetes. Egypt. J. Bot. 31 (1- 3)::167- 183.

49. Mansour, F.A., Badawi, A. M and Nemat-Allah, M. M. (1988). Effect of certain herbicides one pigment biosynthesis in maize and soybean seedlings. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 16 : 471- 488.

50. Mansour, F.A., and Mansy, S.E. (1989). Toxicity and antitumer activity of three novel antibiotics in relation to their effects on protein, DNA and RNA synthesis. Egypt J. Microbiol. 24 (2): 235-246.

51. Mansour F. A., Badawi, A. M. and Nemat-Allah, M. M. (1989). Responses of nitrogenous constituents in maize and soybean seedlings to treatment with some herbicides. Mansoura Sci. Bull. 16 (2): 165--183.

52. Badawi, A. M., Mansour, F. A. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1990). Effect of certain herbicides on growth and carbohydrates content in maize and soybean seedlings. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 155 (7): 114- 125.

53. Mansour, F. A., and El-Sayed, E.S. (1990). On the occurrence and distribution of bacteria belonging to streptommcetes in Egyptian soil. Egypt. Bot. 33 (2): 105-122.

54. Scarponi, L., Mansour, F.A., and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1991). Effect of alachlor on some biochemical and physiological activities of maize and soybean. I. Detoxification and stress status. Agrochimica, 35: 91- 100.

55. Mansour, F.A., Nemat-Allah, M. M., and Scarponi, L. (1991). Effect of alachlor on some biochemical and physiological activities of maize and soybean. II. Interference with growth pigmentation, amino levuliate-dehydratase and phospho-monoestrase activities. Agrochimica 35: 101- 110.

56. Mansour, F.A., El-Sayed, E.S.A., Ismail, A. and Enan, G. (1992). Biological characteristics and taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces. I. Streptommcetes with grey coloured aerial mycelium. Egypt J. Microbiol., 27 (1): 27-45.

57. Mansour, F. A., El-Sayed El-S. A.; Ismail, A. and Enan, G. (1992). Biological characteristics and taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces. II. Streptomycetes with yellow-coloured aerial mycelium. Egypt. J. Microbial. 27 (1): 47-62.

58. El-Sayed, E.S.A., Mansour, F A., Ismail, A. and Enan, G. (1992). Biological characteristics and taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces. III. Streptomycetes with green and blue-coloured aerial mycelium. Egypt. J. Microbiol., 27 (22): 40-57.

59. El-Sayed, E.S.A., Mansour F. A., Ismail, A. and Enan, G. (1992). Biological characteristics and taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces. IV. Streptomycetes with white-coloured aerial mycelium. Egypt. J. Microbiol., 27 (2): 58-77.

60. Sherif, A. A., Abd El-Naby, M. A., Mansour, F. A. and El-Sawah, H A. (1992). On the Egyptian Mashrooms. Pakistan J. Biochem. 45 (1): 32-42

61. Abo-Hamed, S.A., Mansour, F.A. and Aldesuquy H.S. (1992). Changes in biomass gain, protein content and hormonal levels in wheat kernels in response to soil drench. Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 12: 101-104

62. Abo-Hamed, S.A., Mansour, F.A. and Aldesuquy H.S. (1993). Growth and protein content of wheat kernels treated with three growth regulators Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 13 (1): 53-56.

63. Soliman, A.I, Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A., Mansour, F.A. and Hussein, M.H. (1993). Effect of butachlor on growth, pigmentation and nitrogen fixation by Nostoc kihlmani and Anabaena oscillarioides. Phykos, 32, (1-2), pp. 85-93.

64. Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A., Soliman, A.I., Hussein, M.H. and Mansour, F.A (1993). Reactions of Nostoc kihlmani and Anabaena oscillarioides to oxadiazon (Ronstar) and Thiobencarb (Saturn). Mansoura Sci. Bull. 20 (1): 174-194.

65. Soliman, A.I., Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A., Mansour, F.A., and Hussein, M.H. (1994). Physiological effects of rice-field herbicides: butachlor, oxadiazon and thiobencarb on Nostoc kihlmani and Anabaena oscillarioides. III- Comperative effect on photosynthesis respiration and net production rate. Bull. Fac. Sci., Mansoura University, 21, 1. pp: 55-71.

66. Mansour, F.A., Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M. M. (1994). Comparative effects of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, flometuron and trrfluralin on the endogenous phytohormones in maize and soybean. Agrochimica. 38 (1-2): 118-131.

67. Badawy, A.M.; Mansour, F.A., Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1994a). Changes in Delta aminolevulinate Dehydratase (ALA-D), Phosphomono Estrase (PM-ase) and Protein contents in response to treatment of maize and soybean with cotoran , treflan and gesaprim. J.Agric.Sc. Mansoura Univ., 19(9): 2829-2838.

68. Badawy, A.M.; Mansour, F.A., Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1994b). Role of Glutathione-S- Transferase (GST) in the Detoxification of Cotoran, Treflan, and Gesaprim by Maize and Soybean plants. J.Agric.Sc. Mansoura Univ., 19(9): 2839-2847.

69. Mansour, F.A., Badawy, A.M.; Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1994a). Effect of Cotoran, Treflan and Gesaprim on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase Activities in Maize and Soybean plants. J. Agric.Sc. Mansoura Univ., 19(9): 2849-2858.

70. Mansour, F.A., Badawy, A.M.; Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1994b). Effect of Metolachlor on protein content, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase, and Glutathione -S- Transferase Activities in Maize and Soybean plants.J. Environmental Sci., 9: 169-185.

71. Mansour, F.A.; Aldesuquy, H.S. and Hamedo, H.A. (1994). Studies on plant growth regulators and enzyme production by some bacteria. Qatar Univ. Sc. J., 14 (2): 281-288.

72. Mansour, F.A., El-Shahaby, O.A., Mostafa, H.A.M., Gabr, A.M. and Ramadan, A.A. (1994). Effect of benzyl adenine on growth, pigments and productivity of soybean plants. Egypt. J. Physiol. Sci. 18 No. 2, pp. 345-364.

73. Mansour, F.A., El-Sayed, S.A., El, El Moughith, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1995). Caeseorhodomycin, a new antibiotic produced by a bacterial strain isolated from Egyptian soil. Egypt. J.Microbiol. 32 (1): 69-81.

74. Soliman, A.I., Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A., Mansour, F.A., and Hussein, M.H. (1995). Physiological effects of rice-field herbicides: butachlor, oxadiazon and thiobencarb on Nostoc kihlmani and Anabaena oscillarioides. IV- Response of cellular phosphorus content malate-dehydrogenase activity to herbicide treatment. J. Environ. Sci., Mansoura University, 8, pp: 121-132.

75. Mansour, F.A., Soliman, A.I.; Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A. and Hussein, M.H. (1995). Effects of herbicides on cyanobacteria . I- Changes in carbohydrates content, PM-ase and GOT activities in Nostoc kihlmani and Anabaena oscillarioides. Phykos, 33, (1-2) pp: 153-162.

76. El-Sayed, S.A. Mansour, F.A., El, El Moughith, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1995). Caeseorhodomycin production in relation to certain carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources by Streptomyces caesius var Egyptiaca. Egypt. J.Microbiol. 32 (2) : 281-293.

77. Mansour, F.A., El-Fallal, A.A.; and El-Shirbiny, S.A. (1995) Effect of gypsum application on the soil properties and bacteriological activities in the Deltaic Mediterranean Coast, Egypt. The First Internat. Sc. Conf. Cairo, 20-23 March 1995, pp 573-583.

78. Mansour, F.A., Badawy, A.M., Scarponi, L. and Nemat-Allah, M.M. (1996). Effect of Fluometron, Trifurrlin and Metolachlor on phenylalnine ammonia lyase and tirosine ammonia lyase and their interaction on pigmentation in maize and soybean plants Agrochimica, 40 (1-2): 85-96.

79. Mansour, F.A.; El-Shirbiny, S.A. and El-Metwally, N.A. (1996a). Demethyltetracycline biosynthesis by Streptomyces aureofaciens sub-sp. viridulans as influenced by medium composition. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 31(2): 221-235.

80. Mansour, F.A., El-Shirbiny, S.A. and El-Metwally, N.A. (1996b). Biosynthesis of Demethyl-tetracycline by a strain of Streptomyces. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 31(2): 237-255.

81. Mansour, F.A.; El-Sayed, E.S.A.; El Moughith, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1997). Caeseorhodomycin, a new antibiotic produced by a bacterial strain isolated from Egyptian soil. Egypt. J.Microbiol. 32 (1): 69-81

82. El-Sayed, S.A. Mansour, F.A., El, El Moughith, A.A. and El-Sherbiny, S.A. (1997). Caeseorhodomycin production in relation to certain carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources by Streptomyces caesius var Egyptiaca. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 32 (2): 281-293.

83. Mansour, F.A.; Nour El-Dein, M.M., El-Fallal, A.A.; and Abou-Dobara , M.I. (1998). Purification and general properties of uricase from Streptomyces aureomonopodiales. Acta Microbiol. Polonica, 45 (1): 045-053

84. Mohamedin, A.H. and Mansour, F.A. (1998). The production of lytic enzymes by some thallobacteria. Sixth Egypt. Bot. Conf. Cairo Univ. Nov. 24-26, 1998, Vol. II: 357-376.

85. Mansour, F.A.; El-Fallal, A.A.; Nour El-Dein, M., M.M. and Abou-Dobara, M.I. (1998). Some factors affecting uricase production by Bacillus megaterium and Streptomyces aureomonopodiales. Egypt. J. Bot., 38, 3: 119-129.

86. Mansoura, F.A., Nour El-Dein, M., M, M; El-Fallal, A.A., and Abou Dobara , M.I. (1998). Purification and general properties of uricase from Streptomyces aureomonopodiales.. Acta Microbiol. Polonica, 45 (1): 045-053.

87. Aldesuquy, H.S., Mansour, F.A.; and Abo-Hamed, S.A. (1998). Effect of the culture filtrates of Streptomyces on growth and productivity of wheat plants. Folia Microbiol. 43 (5): 465-470.

88. Mohamedin, A.H. and Mansour, F.A. (1998). The production of lytic enzymes by some thallobacteria. Sixth Egypt. Bot. Conf. Cairo Uni. Nov. 24-26, 1998, Vol. II: 357-376.

89. Abdel Hameed, A.A.; Farag, S.A.; El-Abagy, M.M. and Mansour, F.A. (1998). Airborne Gram-negative Bacteria in Air at three occuptional sites in greater Cairo. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 34, No, pp.583-594.

90. Abdel Hameed, A.; Farag, S.A.; El-Abagy, M.M. and Mansour, F.A. (1998). Effect of ambient nitrogen Dioxide on the survival of airborne microorganisms. Bull. NRC, Egypt No 4 pp. 471-482.

91. Aldesuquy, H.S; Mansour, F.A. and Abo-Hamed, S.A. (1998). Effect of the culture filtrates of Streptomyces on growth and productivity of wheat plants. Folia Microbiol. 43 (5): 465-470.

92. Mansour, F.A. and Mohamedin, A.H. (1999). Candida albicans cell-wall lytic enzyme produced by Streptomyces thermodiastaticus. Sixth Conf. Biol. Arab Union. Cairo Univ. Nov. 8-11, 1999.

93. Mohamedin, A.H. and Mansour, F.A. (1999). Purification and some properties of the Candida albicans-cell wall lytic enzyme from Streptomyces thermodiastaticus. Sixth Conf. Biol. Arab Union. Cairo Univ. Nov. 8-11, 1999

94. Mansour, F.A.; El-Fallal A.A.; Nour El-Dien, M.M. and Abou- Dobara, M.M. (1999). Some Factors affecting uricase production by Bacillus megaterium and Streptomyces aureomonopodiales Egypt. J.Microbiol. 34,No 3, pp. 403-41

95. Mansour, F.A.; El-Fallal, A.A.; Nour Ewl-Dein, M.M. and Aabou-Dobara, M.M. (2000) Distribution and abundance of uricase-producing bacteria in Damietta soils. Egypt. . J. Microbiol. 35, No.1, pp 59-71.

96. Mansour, F.A. and Mohamedin, A.H. (1999). Candida albicans cell-wall lytic enzyme produced by Streptomyces thermodiastaticus. Sixth Conf. Biol. Arab Union. Cairo Univ. Nov. 8-11, 1999.

97. Mohamedin, A.H. and Mansour, F.A. (1999). Purification and some properties of the Candida albicans-cell wall lytic enzyme from Streptomyces thermodiastaticus. Sixth Conf. Biol. Arab Union. Cairo Univ. Nov. 8-11, 1999.

98. El-Masry, H.G.; Mansour, F.A. and Abdul-Aziz, M.S. (2000). Environmental factors affecting urease production by Penicillium funiculosum 258. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 35, No. 2: 211-223.

99. Mansour, F.A.; Mohamedin, A., H. and Fouda, M.A. (2002). Bacteriological studies on the causative agent of human peptic ulcer. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ., 31 (1-D) pp 155-166.

100. Abdel Hameed, A.A.; El-Abagy, M.M.; Mansour, F.A. and Farag, S.A. (2002). Bio-contamination of air at a sloughter house in Cairo. Egypt J. Microbiol. 37, No. 1, p.p. 43-55.

101. Mansour, F.A.; Shereif A.A.; Nour El-Dein M.M. and Abou-Dobara (2003). Purification and characterization of xylanase from athemophilic Streptomyces sp. K37. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 52(2): 159-172.

102. Moussa, L.A.A.; Mansour, F.A., Serag, M.S. and Abou El-Nour, S.A.M.(2003). Effect of gamma irradiation on the morphological characteristics of some pigmented streptomycetes isolated from Egyptian soils. Isotope & Rad. Res., 35, 1: 159-177.

103. Mohamedin, A.H.; Mansour, F.A. and Fouda, M.A. (2004). Prevalence of Hlicobacter pylori in Patients with gastroduodenal diseases. Bull.Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 33 (1-D) p.p.103-114.

104. Moussa, L.A.A.; Mansour, F.A., Serag, M.S. and Abou El-Nour,S.A.M.(2004). Antimicrobial activity and morphological changes of Streptomyces albaduncus, Streptomyces erythrogresius as affected by environmental conditions and gamma radiation. Isotope & Rad. Res., 36, 1 : 55-78.

105. Moussa, L.A.A.; Mansour, F.A. , Serag,M.S. and Abou El-Nour, SA.M.(2005). Effect of gamma radiation on the physiological properties and genetic materials of Streptomyces albaduncus and S. erythrogresius. International J. Agric. &Biol. Vol. 7 No.2: 197-202.

106. Ismail, A.; Abou-Doubara, M.I., Mansour, F.A. and Zaky, M.M. (2005). Isolation and Identification of Yersenia species from water and fishes of Manzala Lake, Egypt. N. Egypt. J. Microbiol. Vol. 12: 147 – 154.

107. Hessemann, J.; Ismail, A.; Abou-Dobara, M.I., Mansour, F.A. and Zaky, M.M. (2005). Attenuation of virulence genes of pathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis using transposon mutagensis. N. Egypt. J. Microbiol. Vol. 12: 496 – 506.

108. Abou-Dobara, M.I.; Ismail A., Mansour, F.A.; Zaky, M.M.; Rakin, A. and Hessemann, J. (2005). Investigation of virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica O: 8 using subtractive hybridization. Egypt. J. Biotechnol. Vol. 21: 143 – 155.

109. Mansour, F.A.; Ismail, A.; Abou-Dobara, M.I. and Zaky, M.M. (2006). Studies on bacterial pollution in Lake Manzala. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci. 14, 1: 105 – 119.

110. Mansour, F.A. and Abou-Dobara, M.I. (2006). The xylanolytic activities of two thermophilic Streptomycetes, namely: Streptomyces thermovulgaris MD25 and Streptomyces thermodiastaticus MD30. El-Minia Sci. Bulletin, Vol. 17, 1: 108-131.

111. Zaky, M.M. ; Bezuidenhout, C.C. and Mansour, F.A. (2006). Occurance of antibiotic-resistant and plasmid DNA harbouring Xanthomonas maltophilia, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli and Erwinia sp. In stressed pollted water environment of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Mansoura 1st Microbiol. Symposium (Amirican Socity of Microbiol.), New Insights Into Microbial Physiology, Mansoura Univ., Egypt, 4 – 6 July, 2006.

112. Mansour, F.A. and Badawi, Manal F. (2006). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different types of dental composite resine and glass ionomer commonly used in dental restorration.. Mansoura 1st Microbiol. Symposium (Amirican Socity of Microbiol.), New Insights Into Microbial Physiology, Mansoura Univ., Egypt, 4 – 6 July, 2006.

113.Mansora,F.A; Mohamdin,A.H.; Esmael, A.E. and Badr, huda H.(2008) control of potato bacterial soft Rot disease caused by Erwinia Carotovora subsp . Carotovora with Streptomyces Sioyaensisand and cinnamon oilEgypt .J. Microbiol. 43:1-20.

114.Mansor, F.A; Ghali,M.F. and El-Kenawy, Zeinab A(2008)Antibiotic resistance of bacteria implicated in urinary tract infertions diabetic womenMansour Vet . Med.J.vol.X(1) : 15-28 .

115.Mansour,F.A;Ellazek , Yehia , A.O.;Rawya I. Bader and El-Shaer, M.M.(2008) correlation between the role of cell fraction and antibiotic suscept. Billity of Klebsieella PneumoniaeN.Egypt J.Microbiol . vol.21:29-48 .

116.Mansour , F.T ; El-Zawahry, Y.A.;Raoaf.M . Fiayad , Reham M.(2008)Detection , of bacteria implicated in gastrointestinal disordersJ .Agric .Sci Mansoura Mniv ,33 (3) : 2223-2234 .

117.Mnsoour , F.A; Y.A. El-Zawahry , Maysaa El Sayed Zaki , Dina .AShawwaf PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC – RESISTANT BACTERIA IN CHILDREN HOSPITAL J.Enviro . sci .Mans .Univ